[Mechanism of Triclosan in the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Based on Network Pharmacology].

Objective To explore the potential targets of triclosan in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) and to provide new clues for the future research on the application of triclosan. Methods The targets of triclosan and NAFLD were obtained via network pharmacology.The protein-protein interaction network was constructed with the common targets shared by triclosan and NAFLD.The affinity of triclosan to targets was verified through molecular docking.Gene ontology(GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) pathway enrichment were carried out to analyze the key targets and the potential mechanism of action.NAFLD model was established by feeding male C57BL/6J mice with high-fat diet for 12 weeks.The mice were randomly assigned into a model group and a triclosan group [400 mg/(kg·d),gavage once a day for 8 weeks].The hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining was used for observation of the pathological changes and oil red O staining for observation of fat deposition in mouse liver.Western blotting was employed to detect the protein level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha(PPARα) in the liver tissue. Results Triclosan and NAFLD had 34 common targets,19 of which may be the potential targets for the treatment,including albumin(ALB),PPARα,mitogen-activated protein kinase 8(MAPK8),and fatty acid synthase.Molecular docking predicted that ALB,PPARα,and MAPK8 had good binding ability to triclosan.KEGG pathway enrichment showcased that the targets were mainly enriched in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway,in which ALB and MAPK8 were not involved.Triclosan alleviated the balloon-like change and lipid droplet vacuole,decreased the lipid droplet area,and up-regulated the expression level of PPARα in mouse liver tissue. Conclusion PPARα is a key target of triclosan in the treatment of NAFLD,which may be involved in fatty acid oxidation through the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway.

[Comparative Analysis of Direct Drinking Water and the Relevant Sanitation Standards in China].

Along with the economic and technological development and growing demand for high-quality drinking water, direct drinking water has gained general popularity in China. However, no authoritative policy has been issued, giving a clear definition of direct drinking water and existing standards and regulations concerning direct drinking water are not definitive in nature. Existing water quality parameters are not well supported and sometimes even contradict each other. We elaborated, in this paper, the history of direct drinking water in China and systematically reviewed the existing regulations and standards related to direct drinking water. We also compared and analyzed the important microbiology, toxicology, sensory perception and general chemistry parameters in the standards. This paper is the first ever attempt at an in-depth analysis of the chaotic state of the direct drinking water industry. We have also highlighted the problems in the current standards and regulations for direct drinking water. Our study provides a basis for market regulation and the supervision and management of direct drinking water. In addition, the paper provides helpful information for laying down a definition of direct drinking water, calling for and approving of project proposals concerning the establishment of national standards for direct drinking water, and actually formulating the standards. We have made a number of suggestions: A. defining direct drinking water clearly and formulating the national standards for direct drinking water as soon as possible; B. conducting research on water quality benchmarks to provide scientific support for the formulation of the national standards for direct drinking water; C. giving more attention to the formulation of standards concerning microbiology parameters and their limits and giving consideration to the inclusion of parameters concerning viruses.